Discuss the dramatic significance of Hamlet Scene 1 Act 1 Essay

The play ‘Hamlet’ was written in tempestuous times for England. There was death caused by ‘The Plague’ and poverty was rampant. Much importance surrounded the outward support of the monarch, Elizabeth. During her reign, religion caused divisions and factions of the Protestant church considered the theatre as sinful, amoral perhaps. In his plays, Shakespeare uses his understanding of humanity to entertain by addressing love, power, loyalty, honour and friendship. These values address unchanging aspects that touch us even today. ‘Hamlet’ is intended to portray the importance of the monarchy and the insecurity created by the threat of a foreign invasion – the message being that anything can happen to anyone. This then is the underlying setting of the theme for ‘Hamlet’ – taking place on a dark winter night, creating suspense, intrigue and providing entertainment to an otherwise deprived audience. In the opening, Act 1 and Scene 1 of ‘Hamlet’, the playwright, William Shakespeare, uses several dramatical devices to influence the crowd’s moods, behaviour and attitude towards the play; this is known as psychological audience manipulation. Shakespeare cleverly uses one – dimensional characters to deliver background information to the audience in a more entertaining style. The setting – the guard – platform of the Castle, on a dark, wintry cold night at midnight further intensifies the dramatic effect. ‘Who’s there? ‘ – and ‘Quiet guard’ – these statements imply a foreboding. Immediately the audience is captivated, particularly when one associates midnight with evil. The statements: ‘Tis now struck twelve’ and ‘Bitter cold’ further add to the dramatic mood that is being created. Francisco’s admission: ‘I am sick at heart’ has a negative connotation, suggesting feelings of uneasiness. Bernardo’s reply: ‘ Bid them make haste ‘ – he is obviously scared of something. A reference to loyalty to the Sovereign follows, ‘Friends to this ground’ and ‘Liegemen to the Dane’- here Shakespeare uses a manipulative technique to address the importance of remaining patriotic – an aspect of life everyone can identify with. Again it is suggested that they are engulfed by darkness and they can only see that which is really close up to them: ‘ A piece of him’. By extending his hand, Horatio reassures the guards that he is a friend not a foe. There are sinister undertones at the outset of the scene, which effectively serve to introduce the tenor of the play. Despite this, there is a hint of humour and sarcasm by Horatio : ‘What, has his thing appear’d again to-night? ‘ An air of intrigue is created by this: it is not known what it is is actually being referred to. It is Marcellus who then goes on to explain to the audience what Horatio’s views are: ‘And will not let belief take hold of him’ – this means that he will not allow himself to believe anything of a supernatural nature. He has been invited to see if: ‘This apparition come’, but remains unyielding in his opinion: ‘ Tush, tush ’twill not appear’. Bernardo tries to convince Horatio, ‘Again assail your ears’. Another example is: ‘That are so fortified against our story’. Here he is openly addressing Horatio’s incredulity on the subject of the spectre. Bernardo recounts how the Ghost appeared and that the ‘Yond same star’ was in the same place, when it had originally appeared, adding to the drama and heralding its reappearance. An essentially frightened audience is introduced to the Ghost. ‘ Like the King that’s dead’. Even the originally sceptical Horatio is outwardly scared now, raising the intensity of the drama. ‘It harrows me with fear and wonder:’ he uses strong language. It therefore fell upon Horatio, who was encouraged by the other guards, to address the Ghost in order to attest that this spectre was real. The well spoken Horatio, the scholar states:’ What art thou that usurp’st this time of night’ – by this he suggests that the Ghost has upset the peace of the night and has taken ‘ That fair and warlike form’. By this reference, the audience is psychologically manipulated into feeling admiration for the dead king. He further challenges: ‘ By heaven I charge thee, speak! ‘ The scene continues and Horatio admits to believing because he has seen with the: ‘True avouch of mine own eyes’. Horatio recalls the previous battle with Denmark and Norway: this is political propaganda, which is the strong theme for the play, providing essential background information. This also casts a positive reflection of the previous king: ‘When he the ambitious Norway combated’ – this already gives the audience a positive reflection on the deceased King, as we are told of his bravery, ‘He smote the sledded Polacks on the ice. ‘ It also suggests that the king may have some unfinished business and that is why he has returned as the Ghost three times. Horatio warns the audience that: ‘This bodes some strange eruption to our state, ‘ moreover, this is a warning of the inevitability that: Denmark may be on the brink of war. There are other suggestions of this: ‘Daily cast of brazen cannon. ‘ This infers that people are working round the clock. All this creates a sense of apprehension. Shakespeare attempts to draw a parallel with ancient Rome: Horatio now eloquently delivers his views and this has a religious connotation. Examples of this are made by: ‘In the most high and palmy state of Rome’ and ‘ Was sick almost to doomsday with eclipse’ and ‘As harbingers preceding still the fates’. The conjecture here is that the Ghost is the forerunner of what is yet to come and also is connected with the Bible, as was prophesised that Christ would come to judge the living and the dead. This is effective use of imagery and is symbolic would most certainly create a growing sense of fear in the audience. Another biblical reference with far reaching effects is: ‘The cock crows’: this suggests betrayal and moreover, ‘And at his warning’ is ominous. There is dramatic impetus by Horatio and he uses aggressive language on the Ghost’s reappearance: ‘I’ll cross it, though it blast me. Stay illusion. ‘ He asks ‘ If thou art privy to thy country’s fate’- can the Ghost share a secret, any light on what lies ahead for Denmark? Despite the audience not having being introduced to Hamlet, we are psychologically manipulated into feeling sorry for him and empathise with him. In the indirect reference made to him we understand that Horatio suggests that they tell young Hamlet of the appearance of the Ghost. We learn that there is staunch support for Hamlet: ‘As needful in our loves, fitting our duty? ‘ In the space of a few days, sadly, his father has passed away: ‘The majesty of buried Denmark ‘. His rightful inheritance has been taken from him: ‘ So by his father lost’ which suggests that he is in mourning and ‘This, I take it is the main motive of our preparations’ – to take back that which was theirs. This automatically gives the audience someone to support and â€Å"root for† in ‘Young Hamlet’ as the play unfolds and we learn more of his personal story. This is linked to another theme that the audience can identify with: family values. The element of mystery and foreboding are inherently present in Act One, Scene One and is further personified in the form of an apparition, ‘This apparition come. ‘ The contemporary audience that this was aimed at, being more religiously aware than the public nowadays, would have been fearful of the spectre and would have made links to the devil and hell, gaining the audience’s full attention. By the spreading of its arms, it has connotations to Jesus Christ, creating a sombre aura. They are encouraged to believe that the Ghost is an omen: ‘ That this portentous figure’, is a sign that they are ready for battle. Essentially, the mood further reflects insecurity as Denmark may be on the verge of war. A clever technique Shakespeare uses serves to encourage loyalty to the monarch at the time, ‘Long live the King’. Therefore, he has put his political views forward successfully and with discretion. The Ghost exits, leaving everyone none the wiser as to the reason for its apparition. The first Act and Scene allows for speculation and would have created a sense of dramatic anticipation, keeping the audience on the edge of their seats, ready to see what will ensue in the next scene.

Theme Of Anxiety In Catcher In The Rye - 911 Words

The definition of existential anxiety is the negative feeling that arises in a human being. In the novel, Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, the main character, Holden narrates events that happen after his school, Pencey, kicked him out for his deficient grades.With signs of this anxiety, he quickly finds himself in a state of depression caused by his struggle of growing up. Overwhelmed and afraid, Holden runs the other direction when he is hit with the idea of aging and his immature and innocent characteristics allow him to wander astray. Holden deals with his existential anxiety from his greatest fear, but throughout the story, we distinguish him experience phases of self hate from childish impulses and attempting to move towards the†¦show more content†¦However, having sex is something that is considered adultlike which takes Holden one step closer to becoming independent, but he backs out and goes back to his juvenile ways. To build upon this idea, Holden also shows a glimpse of the path of helplessness when he replies â€Å"no† to retain his innocence and avoids his existential anxiety. Furthermore, Holden starts daydreaming and thinking about his idealized future. He thinks, â€Å"I got excited as hell thinking about it. I really did. I knew the part about pretending I was a deaf-mute really decided to go out West and all† (Salinger, 199). As seen before, Holden is running away from his problems like a child and displays symptoms of helplessness because of his existential anxiety. Instead of facing the problem head on, Holden acts as if he is unable to cope with reality and live up to his ideal self. Ultimately, Holden shows childish impulses and immaturity, which sets him on the path of self hate. The protagonist, Holden, is moving away from the issue of existential anxiety and path of self hate into the path of self compassion from the five steps: breathing, awareness, acknowledgement, acceptance, action, and appreciation, by d emonstrating acts of kindness to others. In the beginning of the story, Holden would often judge a person instantly, such as Ackley and Stradlater, but later in the novel, we notice that Holden shows less judgement and more endearment in the form of the steps of self compassion. An exampleShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Anxiety In Catcher In The Rye849 Words   |  4 Pages Existential anxiety is the negative feeling that arises in a human being. In the novel, Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, the main character, Holden narrates events that happen after his school, Pencey, kicked him out for his deficient grades.With signs of this anxiety, he quickly finds himself in a state of depression caused by his struggle of growing up. Overwhelmed and afraid, Holden runs the other direction when he is hit with the idea of aging and his immature and innocent characteristicsRead MoreHolden Caulfield and the Pressures of Society: The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1286 Words   |  6 Pageso ften have a message or theme for the reader. Not only do authors use themes, but also well developed characters to bring a novel to life. In the bildungsroman, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, characterization is often found, especially regarding the protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Salinger also includes many themes in his novel relating to growing up in a corrupt society. Hence, this paper will compare, contrast, and evaluate literary criticisms regarding the themes and characterizationRead More 1950s Culture Exposed in The Catcher in the Rye Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pages1950s Culture Exposed in The Catcher in the Rye    J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye is a remarkable book that gives readers a unique and perhaps gloomy perspective of the 1950s through Holden Caulfield, a cynical and peculiar teenager. Through The Catcher in the Rye Salinger describes important aspects of the 1950s. Salinger emphasizes several key characteristics of the 50s and criticizes them through Holden. In addition, Holden Caulfield is a very interesting character withRead MoreJ.b. Salinger s A Perfect Day For Bananafish 1714 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism, Hindu-Buddhism, and other Eastern beliefs. Buddhism can be found throughout Nine Stories in the book s closing story Teddy. He also was a devoted student of The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, an important work of Hindu mysticism. The Catcher in the Rye is about Holden Caulfield who is a teenage who is great at being a slacker. The book starts with Holden failing school for the fourth time. During the last days before his leaves he looks for a way to finish his school experience but he endsRead MoreThe Innocence of Childhood in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1262 Words   |  6 Pages mature individual. The novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† by J.D. Salinger follows the endeavours of Holden Caulfield, a sixteen-year-old teenage boy who faces a point in his life where he must make the transition from childhood to adulthood. In an attempt to retain his own childhood, he begins hoping to stop other young children from growing up and losing their innocence as well. As indicated by the title, â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† is a book that explores a theme involving the preservation of innocenceRead MoreF. Salinger s The Catcher Of The Rye1121 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the best known novels in English-speaking countries, J.D Salinger’s Catcher In The Rye deals with Holden Caulfield’s past trauma which is the triggering factor in his depression, anxiety and alienation. Holden tells an unnamed person what has happened in the three days prior to his mental breakdown. Through Holden’s relatable characteristics and Salinger’s narrative treatment, the book continues to engage audiences across generations. The way that Salinger writes gives the audience a veryRead MoreReview Of The Perks Of Being A Wallflower 1569 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals for the transition from childhood to adulthood. Stephen Chobsky’s novel, The Perks of Being a Wallflower, and J.D. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, are critically acclaimed coming of age stories that document the turbulence of adolescence. The protagonists of these novels, Charlie and Holden Caulfield, both encounter common themes in adolescence such as alienation, confusion of sexuality, and loss of innocence. However, although Charlie and Holden share similar experiences inRead MoreSuccess And Prosperity Of Shakespeare s Macbeth And The Catcher 1710 Words   |  7 PagesSuccess and Prosperity in Macbeth and The Catcher in the Rye From the beginning of time, achieving success and greatness has been the ultimate human goal. Success can be found in many different forms, from ruling a Roman empire to receiving a high grade on a test. Society’s view of success has changed throughout generations, urging people to conform to society’s beliefs in order to fulfill their goals and dreams. The theme of success and fulfillment are evident in literature and theatre pieces thatRead MoreCatcher In The Rye And The Kite Runner First Person Narrative1387 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent. Different colours, religions, different morals and beliefs, and maybe most important different perspectives on the world. In both The Catcher in the Rye in The Kite Runner the male protagonist tells the course of events from their perspective, and their role as narrator has a significant impact on the novels In both The Catcher in the Rye, and The Kite Runner, first person narration played a critical role in helping the reader know and understand the main characters, Holden CaulfieldRead MoreThe Catcher Of The Rye, By J. D. Salinger1699 Words   |  7 Pageshas changed throughout generations, urging people to conform to society’s beliefs in order to fulfill their goals and dreams. The theme of success and fulfillment are evident in literature and theatre pieces that were written centuries ago, and continue into novels written in the present. The play Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, and the novel The Catcher in the Rye, written by J. D. Salinger follow the lives of two protagonists’ as they are each individually shaped by society’s idea of prosperity

Impact Of Exchange Rate On Foreign Direct Investment Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1616 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The main purpose of this paper is to find out the impact of Inter Bank Exchange Rate on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. To determine the impact of Inter Bank Exchange Rate on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow two variables are to be selected that are Inter Bank Exchange Rate and Foreign Direct Investment Inflow. To test the hypothesis that Inter Bank Exchange Rate has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact Of Exchange Rate On Foreign Direct Investment Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Regression Analysis technique is to be used. This research study will show the positive impact of Inter Bank Exchange Rate on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Sample data of last 19 years is to be taken to test the hypothesis. The main purpose of this research study is to find out relationship between Inter Bank Exchange Rate and Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. This research study will show the positive impact of Inter Bank Exchange Rate on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. This research study will help investors in Pakistan to see that Pakistan is a growing market and it has potential for Investments. That investments will yield more profits. The international business literature, on the other hand, has in general observed that a devaluation by the source country will in fact make foreign investment less attractive, while a devaluation by the host country will make expansion of already existing foreign subsidiaries more profitable (Dufey). For example, Japanese experts often cite the early 1970s yen revaluations as a main reason for the expected surge in Japanese foreign investment (Litvak and Maule and Sherk). Makin has concluded that the 1960s view of the United States as a permanent capital exporter and (say) Germany and Japan as permanent capital importers may have been incorrect. He notes that the observed direction of flows could have been due to disequilibrium exchange rates a flow that would then be slowed or reversed by recent yen and mark upward revaluations and the dollar devaluation. This effect was also predicted much earlier by Houthakker. In keeping with this view, the modern theory of FDI since Hymer (1960), Kindleberger (1969), and Vernon (1966) stresses that FDI occurs not because of cost-of-capital differences but because certain domestic assets are worth more under foreign control. Klein and Rosengren find that, even after controlling for relative wages, a 1 percent increase in the foreign currency value of foreign stocks has roughly the same (statistically significant) impact on U. S. FDI inflows as a 1 percent depreciation of the dollar. In the last decade there has been an increasing interest in the link between foreign direct investment (FDI) and exchange rates. Two models, Cushman (1985) and Froot and Stein (1991), discuss the factors that might lead to a correlation between the value of the dollar and the level of foreign investment in the United States. Harris and Ravenscraft (1991), and Swenson (1993), have provided evidence that a depreciating dollar is associated with both higher flows of FDI into the United States and higher foreign takeover premia. Expected exchange rate changes can affect various aspects of the investment decision, including the timing of decisions (Kohlhagen 1977) and debt denomination (Cushman 1985). Cushman (1985) and Froot and Stein (1991) explore the factors that might contribute to correlation between the external value of the dollar and the level of foreign investment in the U.S. They have found that modeling a link between FDI and exchange rates would require some beliefs in the long-run and short-run deviation from PPP on the cross-border investment process. There is also a counter-argument that changes in exchange rates also affect the value of foreign direct investment (Lee and Sullivan 1995). The currency area theory, advanced by Aliber (1970) and Heller (1981), argues that a strong currency causes outflows of foreign direct investment and a weak currency causes its inflows. Thus, the corporation obtains a higher expected profit than it would have if it had not diversified internationally by foreign direct investment Grubel (1988). This argument suggests a positive correlation between real exchange rate flexibility and foreign direct investment. Bailey and Tavlas (1991) showed that exchange-rate risk has an ambiguous effect on the FDI of a risk-averse firm. Kindleberger (1969) argued that in order for direct investment to exist, there must also be market imperfections or government intervention. Otherwise, individual economies would produce only those goods and services for which they had a comparative advantage, and other goods would be provided through trade. Exchange rate fluctuations may also create incentives for foreign direct investment, as multinationals stabilize profits by spreading exchange rate risk across countries (Rugman, 1979). Inflows of foreign investment can modernise and expand the stock of physical and human capital in the economy, helping to fill what Romer (1993) termed object gaps. LITERATURE REVIEW Article Number 1: Exchange Rate Changes, Profitability, and Direct Foreign Investment. This research study has been conducted by Steven W. Kohlhagen. The main purpose of this paper is to measure the major European exchange rate changes of the 1960s effected U.S. foreign direct investment. To conduct this research study data has been taken from tabulated data appearing yearly in the summary article in the survey of current business. The data collected for this research study was taken from the year 1957 till 1973. The results of the effects on U.S. Foreign investment of dummy variables representing all four parity changes are presented in research paper. The set of the four exchange rate changes taken together significantly explain total U.S. Foreign direct investment and U.S. Foreign direct investment in Europe and the EEC. In all three cases the coefficient has the expected positive sign and is significant. Article Number 2: Exchange Rates and Foreign Direct Investment: An Imperfect Capital Markets Approach. This research study has been conducted by Kenneth A. Froot and Jeremy C. Stein. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the connection between exchange rates and foreign direct investment that arises when globally integrated capital markets are subject to informational imperfections. These imperfections cause external financing to be more expensive than internal financing, so that changes in wealth translate into changes in the demand for direct investment. By systematically lowering the relative wealth of domestic agents, a depreciation of the domestic currency can lead to foreign acquisitions of certain domestic assets. We develop a simple model of this phenomenon and test for its relevance in determining international capital flows. A simple model in which relative wealth-and therefore the exchange rate has a systematic effect on FDI. Furthermore, additional support for our model over competing alternatives comes from the finding that shocks to wealth other than the exchange rate also help to explain U. S. FDI inflows. Article Number 3: Foreign Direct Investment, Exchange Rate Variability and Demand Uncertainty. This research study has been conducted by Linda S. Goldberg and Charles D. Kolstad. The main purpose of this paper is to emphasizes and explore the implications of short-term exchange rate variability for foreign direct investment (FDI) flows. Exchange rate variability had a positive and statistically significant effect on four of the six bilateral FDI shares: real exchange rate variability increased the share of total U.S. Investment capacity located in Canada and in Japan, and increased the share of Canadian and United Kingdom investment located in the United States. Article Number 4: Do Exchange Rate Changes Drive Foreign Direct Investment? This research study has been conducted by Kathryn L. Dewenter. This paper examines the robustness of prior test results with respect to the foreign investment measure, the exchange rate measure, and inclusion of a relative wealth proxy. This article has used a new transaction-specific data set to systematically explore the relationship between the value of the dollar, cross border acquisition flows, and takeover premia. The results confirm prior findings that a depreciating U.S. Dollar is associated with higher levels of foreign acquisitions into the United States and higher foreign takeover premia for U.S. Targets. The results go beyond these findings, though, to provide a richer understanding of the nature of the exchange rate relationship. These new findings provide a first step in distinguishing among the various FDI models. Article Number 5: Strategic Foreign Direct Investment and Exchange-Rate Uncertainty. This research study has been conducted by Hongmo Sung and Harvey E. Lapan. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate how exchange-rate uncertainty affects the foreign direct investment decision of a risk neutral multinational firm (MNF). Data are taken from MNF/ Local Firm by opening home plant, or by opening foreign plant and by opening both. The result shows that shows that when a MNF is in competition with a local firm, the exchange-rate volatility, by increasing the value of the option the MNF has to operate in several localities, effectively gives the MNF a strategic advantage that May force the local firm from the market. This result, though derived from different Premises, is analogous to articles that demonstrate that protecting a home market Can confer a strategic advantage in foreign markets. Finally, our results also indicate That increased uncertainty may, under certain circumstances, raise the value of Precommiting actions, a result that is counter to previous res ults. Data and Methodology Data: Variables: Independent Variable: Inter Bank Exchange Rate Dependent Variable: Foreign Direct Investment Inflow Hypothesis: Inter Bank Exchange Rate has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Sample size: Sample data of last 19 years is to be taken to conduct this research study. Data has been taken from the time period 1990 till 2009. Source: State Bank of Pakistan website (www.sbp.org.pk) Brokerage Houses www.oanda.com www.indexmundi.com www.kalpoint.com Economic Survey of Pakistan Model: FDI = o + 1 (Exchange) + Error Term Where, FDI = Foreign Direct Investment Inflow 1 (Exchange) = Inter Bank Exchange Rate Methodology: To test the hypothesis Regression Analysis technique is to be used.

Analysis Of The Poem On Another s Sorrow By William...

Sorrow is something we all have or will have to deal with throughout our lifetime. Thankfully, there are people in our lives who can comfort and help us in this time of need. As stated in â€Å"On Another’s Sorrow† by William Blake, it is natural for parents to feel their child’s sorrow and comfort them, but parents are not the only ones who can provide their child with comfort. Just like natural parents, our heavenly father and maker, as Blake refers to God in the poem, is always with us to comfort and help during our sorrowful times. Throughout the poem, â€Å"On Another’s Sorrow†, William Blake uses his tone to change the mood of the poem from somber and sorrowful, to instead comforting others by assuring them that just like their natural parents, their maker will always be there to comfort them during their sorrowful times. In the first stanza, Blake uses two couplets. The first says, â€Å"Can I see another’s woe, / And not be in sorrow too.† (1-2). In this first couplet, Blake’s tone immediately shifts the mood of the poem to sad and depressing. The questioned is posed, is it possible to not be sad for someone else when you see them suffering? His word choice here also drives home the point that the tone is sad and depressing. The use of words like woe and sorrow immediately let the reader know that the author plans on this poem having a sad tone. In the second couplet, Blake continues with this same tone. â€Å"Can I see another’s grief, / And not seek for kind relief.† (3-4). TheShow MoreRelatedThe Sick Rose vs. London: a Poetic Comparison1225 Words   |  5 Pages William Blake was a renowned poet whose works continue to be recognized long after his death. Blake was more than a poet he was also a painter and printmaker. Often his engraving art would act as the accompanying image to his poetry. Throughout his lifetime the British poet wrote several poems. The vast majority of Blake’s work was centered on strong religious themes or human existence itself.Read MoreWilliam Blake And The Divine Image Essay2209 Words   |  9 PagesWilliam Blake, a transitional figure in British literature, was the first romantic poet to focus on content instead of form. Blake is one of the great mystics of the world, like Henry More and Wordsworth; he lived in a world of glory, of spirit and of vision, which, for him, was the only real world. His devotion to God expresses through his lyrical poetry collection Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. This collection contains 51 poems where the poems of Innocence are counter part of the poemsRead MoreW illiam Blake s Illuminated Manuscripts1913 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Blake’s illuminated manuscripts were published in multiple editions; all of the editions were etched differently than its predecessor. In these illustrations, one finds meaning and value; an inextricable link between these artistic expressions and the text that Blake wrote exists. These works should not be viewed separately, but rather viewed together, as one single entity. While the text, at times, proves itself to be unstable and potentially confusing for readers, the etchings serve asRead MoreThe Raven And Ulalume By Edgar Allan Poe3442 Words   |  14 Pagesa literary career as a poet and a prose writer, and soon after married his young cousin, Virginia Clemm. He later moved on to work for several magazines and in 1844, joined the staff of the New York Mirror newspaper. After the Mirror published his poem, The Raven, in January 1845, Poe gained national and international recognition, however he clai med to never be truly happy. Beginning in his late adolescence, Poe battled alcoholism and depression. Opening up about his addiction, Poe confessed â€Å"I haveRead MoreWho Goes with Fergus11452 Words   |  46 PagesWho Goes With Fergus This poem is about the dichotomy of the thinker and the actor. Yeats, in love with Maud Gonne, was the thinker, the courtly lover -- the one who would brood upon loves bitter mystery. Yeats was Mr. Nice Guy. Yet Yeats wanted to be the actor - the alpha male - the Fergus. Note the sexualized subtext that permeates the poem, who will pierce the deep woods woven shade? Who will drive with Fergus. Finally, we get the reasons to be the alpha male - the man of action, in theRead MorePoems with Theme with Life and Death and Their Analysis8446 Words   |  34 PagesEI WAI KHAING AN ANALYSIS OF THEMES ON LIFE AND DEATH OF SOME POEMS Abstract: Some basic elements of poem and types of poem are included in this paper. Although there are countless number of poems on Life and Death, only the ones which seem noteworthy are studied and analysed in terms of themes. Different opinions of different poets on life and death found in their poems are also presented and contrasted in this paper. This paperRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†Read Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pageswise ways of being and functioning.† Among the wise values he mentions that relate to perspective are creativity, serenity, humility, clarity about what is, empathy, insight, intuitive understanding, patience, reality, self-awareness, and truth.3 Another prominent wisdom researcher, Robert Sternberg, believes that â€Å"people are wise to the extent that they use their intelligence to seek a common good. They do so by balancing, in their courses of action, their own interests with those of others and thoseRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Cell Phones Do Not Cause Any Health Problems Free Essays

In today’s world, cell phones are part of a life. As the technology improves more and more people are buying cell phones. Many new cell phones are like a small computer, as they have a picture and video camera, web browsing, music player, internal storage, and many other features. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phones Do Not Cause Any Health Problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Statistics show that 79% of the U. S. population and 90% of European and Asian teens own a cell phone† (O’Keefe, 2008, p. 671). In some countries around the world such as Israel, Hong Kong, Italy, and the Czech Republic, there are more cell phones than people (Kohli, Sachdev, Vats, 2009, p. ). In 1993, a man named David Raynard from Florida appeared on the Larry King Live and accused a cell phone industry that his wife died because of cancer that was caused by a cell the use. From that time cell phone radiation has been one of main concerns to people (Park, 2001, p. 166), but since then several studies have proved that cell phones do not cause any health problems. There are two types of radiations, ionizing and non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation consists of Gamma rays, X-Rays and ultraviolet radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to damage the nucleus of atoms causing damage to DNA which could lead to changes in chemical reactions in the body (How Cell-phone Radiation Works, 2001). Cell phones function at 900 or 1800 MHz frequencies. These frequencies fall within the same part of the radiation spectrum as the radios and televisions which are referred to Radio Frequency Radiation. Radio Frequency Radiation falls in the range of non-ionizing radiation (Kohli, Sachdev, Vats, 2009, p. 6). Non-ionizing radiation consists of radio, television, cell phones, microwave, and visible light (â€Å"How Cell-phone Radiation Works†, 2001). Non- ionizing radiation has enough energy to change the energy levels of the electron, but doesn’t have enough energy to destroy or move any part of an atom. This causes increase in heat level of the area that could be close to source of radiation. This states that RFR from cell phone does not harm the human tissue from heat. Besides the heating of the tissues, there are some other theories that say â€Å"extremely low frequency magnetic fields† might affect the production of some antioxidants and/or stop the production of the chemicals that stop cellular mutation. There is also another theory that says low frequency electromagnetic fields change the structure of DNA, but these are just theories for now (Kohli, Sachdev, Vats, 2009, p. 6). For the electronic devices not to cause harm, the law requires safety standards to limit and periodically update the maximum amount of exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has issued standards for general public and working people. Working people refers to those people who are working in an area where they are exposed to Radio Frequency Radiation. Exposure limit for working people is higher than the general public, because working people are aware that they are being exposed to the radiation unlike the general public that is not aware of the exposure and cannot avoid or decrease the exposure (Barnes, 1999, p. 21). The limit for exposure for working people is 0. 4W/kg and for the public is 0. 08W/kg. Effects of Radio Frequency Radiation from cell phone and cell phone stations are investigated by the World Health Organization (WHO). â€Å"According to WHO, exposure to [Radio Frequency Radiation] from base stations is actually only 0. 002% to 2% of the levels of international exposure guidelines, lower or comparable to exposure from radio or television. † (Kohli, Sachdev, Vats, 2009, p. 7). WHO is also helping the researchers to fully understand Radio Frequency Radiation exposure. There have many researches that have been done trying to look for a link between cancer and cell phone radiation. Some studies have been done b y collecting data from records and looking for any links between cell phone and cancer. While other actually test at affect of cell phone on living beings. These researches test to see how much radiation was absorbed and even after that if increases the chances of having health problems One of biggest researches included a study that was done in Denmark. IT included a list of cell phone users that subscribed from January 1982 until December 1995. The list was obtained from the two cell phone companies that provided service to the user in the Denmark. The list also contained contact information of the cell phone users, and what kinds of cell phones they were using at that time. Many of the users had to be excluded because there was not enough information to support the research. The final list had about (420,000 users) 80. 3 percent of users that were on the first list obtained from the cell phone companies. The median age for cell phone users was 37. 4 years and 38. 4 years for female cell phone users. Another list was obtained from Danish Cancer Registry that was used to determine the number of cancers from January 1982 to December 1995. The cancer list contained many different types of cancers including brain tumours and urinary tract papilloma that occurred to cell phone users. That list also separated sex and five year groupings. Most of the cell phone users subscribed to the service during the years 1994 and 1995. Using the statistics from the cancer report, expected numbers of cancers were predicted. The results from the study showed that the usage of cell phone did not increase the number of cancers to be found in male cell phone users. For female cell phone users the results were similar as males and did not show any increase in number of cancers. The number of people with brain cancer actually decreased even when the number of cell phone users increased dramatically; however there was increase in a few types of cancer, but the increase showed no relationship between the cell phone and cancer. The study also showed decrease in lung cancer after 1992 because of the decrease in prices of cell phones in Denmark. The usage of cell phones showed decrease in lung cancer because users were more likely to use a cell phone than some cigarettes. Many young people were spending more money on cell phone rather than buying cigarettes. In conclusion of this study, the results show no increase in any type of cancer that was related to cell phone use. (Johansen, Boice, McLaughlin, Olsen, 2001, p. 203-207). Another research was done in India to determine the neurological effect of electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell phone, when cell phone is kept at different positions close to the body, by analysis of heart rate variability (sample entropy and scaling exponent). The study included fourteen male aged between 24 and 46. Electrocardiogram was used for 30 minutes on each volunteer to obtain recordings with three different situations. The heart rate of the volunteers was also recorded during all three situations. First situation was to get normal recordings without a call phone. Second situation was to have the cell phone in the left pocket so that it is closer to the heart. In the third situation, the cell phone was placed near the left ear. A thirty-minute break was given between each recording. Dame cell phone was used for the recordings. The results determined sample entropy and scaling exponent indicated an increase when cell phone was placed near the chest and a decrease when cell phone is placed near the head. However, the differences were not that high enough when compared to recordings from without using a cell phone simple because cell phones emit very low power to cause any significant change to heart rate that can be detected. (Ahamed, Karthick, Hoseph, 2008, p. 709-711). There have been several studies that found that cell phone radiation increases the risk of cancer, but later when some of those studies were studied again, it was stated that cell phone radiation does not increase the risk of cancer. A study in Australia in 1996 found that FM and TV towers increased the rates of leukemia in children, but in a later study it was determined that towers showed no increase of risk from the exposure. Two different studies were done in Sweden and found the increase in number brain tumours from cell phone radiation, but when the one of these studies was repeated, it found no increase in brain tumours. Once again when the same study was done later on, it found increase of risk developing tumour. After International Agency of Research in Cancer sponsored the research and no evidence was found that cause increase the risk of tumours. Kohli, Sachdev, Vats, 2009, p. 8). The studies about cell phone radiation have many limitations that prevent them from completely accurate answers. Several factors contribute to this such as there are not that many researches that researched for more than ten years, documents that show amount of cell phone usage are possibly to be bias, amount of Radio Freque ncy Radiation depends on type of cell phone and the location of the cell phone, and also it is almost impossible to test Radio Frequency Radiation exposure in an isolated area because there are always other objects emitting Radio Frequency Radiation. These types of limitations produce different answers sometimes to a study when it is repeated. It is possible for some researchers to bias to state their point. (Kohli, Sachdev, Vats, 2009, p. 7). In conclusion, there been many researches trying to find the answer to cell phone radiation and its possible effects. Some state that there is an increase in risk of cancer and other health problems, however some researches state that there no increase in risk of cancer and other health problems. (Kohli, Sachdev, Vats, 2009, p. 7). To have improved future researches, the studies should be longer, ongoing for at least ten to fifteen years. There should be a study that is done throughout different countries in the world in both rural and urban areas. In my opinion, cell phone radiation does not increase the risk of any disease. If that was not the case then anybody who uses a cell phone would already have brain tumour and there would been a dramatic decrease in population. For at least now I think there are enough studies that support the no increase in risk developing health problems and everyone should believe those studies. How to cite Cell Phones Do Not Cause Any Health Problems, Papers

Consumer Decision Making Model

Question: Discuss about the Consumer Decision Making Model. Answer: Introduction: The problem recognition is the most important and first step in buying process. If there arises no problem, then no purchase will take place. The problem recognition is the stage when consumers actual situation differs from ideal and desired situation (Purnawirawan et al., 2012). The recognition of problem can be identified through various ways. Internal stimuli can be defined as physiological need of the individual because of hunger or thirst which is exactly opposite to External stimuli. An external stimulus arises because of exposure to advertisement. Internal stimuli can be generated in the buyers mind from past experiences and the buyer try to keep him motivated (Theconsumerfactor, 2016). External stimuli can be generated in the mind of buyer by watching a TV commercial of vacation in India. From overseas holiday the functional need of the buyer can be satisfied. Functional need generally relates with the feature or specific functions which is the answer to the functional statement. By booking tickets online of travelling, the buyer will respond to the need of travelling without booking tickets physically. Social need is a need which comes from willingness to integrate and create a sense of belongingness in the social environment (Li et al., 2010). From overseas holiday the buyer will be able to upload new pictures of fascinating places on social media sites. Need for a change has its origin developed from the desires of change in the mind of consumer. This result in the buying of overseas holiday for fulfilment of need to change occurred in the mind of consumer. A person has many needs at a given period of time, some of them are arising out of hunger, thirst and discomfort which are considered as biological and the others are psychological which are arouse out of tensions such as recognition, esteem needs or belongingness needs. A motivation is a factor which should be arose to the sufficient level. Maslow has developed hierarchy needs stating arrangements of needs on the basis of priority (Chaudhary and Gupta, 2012). Maslow stated that for continuing the next step in the hierarchy of need, it is necessary to satisfy the underlying need. After satisfaction of underlying need, then only a person can move for the satisfaction of another need. These needs are generally prioritized on various aspects. For instance, if a person has less finance available in hand, then he will book hotel with basic amenities rather than 5 star hotels. There are various determinants and influential factor which affects the travel decision making in the mind of buyer (Purnawirawan et al., 2012). Maslows five level hierarchy need theory has been widely accepted and used to define the consumer buying behaviour. Satisfaction of physiological and safety needs- Buyer will get physiological and safety need satisfaction if the tourist place will provide high quality rooms with basic amenities and food. Moreover, if the place is safe then it will encourage the buyer to plan a trip there. If the rooms are provided with Wi-Fi facilities, clean washrooms then the customer will be motivated to buy the vacation over that place. Satisfaction of belongingness - Belongings need of a buyer will be satisfied if that tourist place communicates a friendly and welcoming atmosphere for travellers. A destination can satisfy these needs through various numbers of tourists from different places (Reisinger and Dimanche, 2010). This will lead to creation of community and creates satisfaction in the mind of buyer. Satisfaction of self esteem- These needs of self esteem of buyer of overseas tickets can be satisfied through sharing the information of trip with other people, after returning from trip. Satisfaction of self actualization- Buyer can attain self actualization through improvement in his own skills and interests up to a professional level in tourism industry. Self actualization can also be attained by buyer for the desire to do good for other people. Daily working arouses the need for overseas holiday for relaxation. Internal stimuli for me are the hunger for travelling and external stimuli is the advertisement about vacations in India which I have seen over social media. The travelling in India are going to satisfy my psychological, safety, social, esteem and self actualization needs. The expectation from travelling is to get relaxed from work overload. For this I choose India for vacations, as the environment is very friendly. In context of Maslow theory of motivation a buyer has different needs which he wants to satisfy and for the satisfaction of these different needs he gets motivated to work towards fulfilment of these needs. From Maslow hierarchy of theory conclusion can be drawn that from overseas travelling, a buyer will fulfil the need of self actualization through acquiring of new knowledge and helps in drawing learning of various culture (Smallman and Moore, 2010). It can be concluded that all the travellers cannot get the level of self actualization. Information Search This is the second stage defines that how consumers drive. In this step, information search is started from the consumers memory. Information search by the internal sources is enough to purchase the item (Horner and Swarbrooke, 2016). But, from using the external sources, the consumer can assess the more information. There are several modes of using external sources such as personal sources, commercial sources, and public sources. The consumer can assess the information by personal sources included the family, friends, co-workers. Further, commercial sources included the advertising, sales personnel, and dealers. Public sources included the hotel, restaurant review, and consumer rating organizations (Demir et al., 2014). Therefore, the consumer can gain information and knowledge about the available product and services and their features to gather the information from the different sources. There are mainly two sources for searching the information about the overseas holiday in India are as follow: Internal sources In this sources, consumers recall from their past experiences (i.e. good or bad) about the particular Holiday Packages. Internal information is already available in the memory of consumer. Information comes from the previous experiences and his opinion about the product and services. But, this type of information is only sufficient to purchase the everyday products and services because consumer knows about the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) and Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) (Gssling et al., 2012). When a consumer purchases the major item with stronger involvement, then consumer does not want enough information, they must need to turn to another external source. External sources Through this source, buyer receiving the feedback from his friends and family, analysis marketing advertisements on TV, newspaper, and radio, viewing public sources of information like web site reviews, blogs, and magazines or taking the personal experience and testing the product and services (Gardiner et al., 2013). Consumer gained and obtained information about the product and services with the friends and family, review from the other consumers and from the press. Further, official sources like advertising and sellers speech are also another source of gaining external information (Foxall, 2014). During the buying decision process, the consumer will pay more attention to external sources like advertising, commercial brochures rather than paying attention to the internal sources. Moreover, there is the emerging trend of online search that can be used by the consumer via smartphone, tablet device or Pc for dominating the starting place. When buyers identify their need then, they search for information regarding how to satisfy it. Information can search by recalling from memory as the consumer has satisfied from the similar need in the past. Further, they can consult with other people like a family member and their friends (Garcia et al., 2015). Another way of searching information that can use by the buyer is sales people, advertisement, and packaging. The consumer also assesses the information through the media publicity and report about the destination place. They also gained information by experiencing the Overseas Holiday. Information search entails the listing choices that will solve the problem at hand and also determine the distinctiveness of each. As the risk increases, the amount of required information also increases (Solomon et al., 2012). Once the information search is accomplished by the buyer, they determined whether the shortage or unfulfilled needs can be achieved by the alternatives. In the searching phase, buyer research about the products or services which satisfy his needs or wants. Further, search engines have become the key research tool for searching the Overseas Holiday. Since, it is an instant and easy way to find out about the desire overseas holiday of the consumers. There is another source to find the information is actually human beings such as friends and family (Robinson et al., 2011). Since they have different information hence they can offer the recommendation to the buyer. Therefore, the consumer can prefer the actual human beings rather than search engine to search the information (Chon et al., 2012). If Consumer has life experience in the past, then they will make the appropriate purchase decisions. Because consumer aware about that how to solve the problem. Consumer search more or less information based on the complexities of choices but, the consumer also consider the level of involvement. For example, buying overseas holiday needs little information because there is high involvement of consumer (East et al., 2013). Afterward, the consumer will look information for making the opinion to guide his choices. I have actual search information from the external sources like selects the online channel to gain information about the overseas holiday in India. Through this channel, I get the information about the culture, beliefs and ethics of the India. In this channel, there are lots of information has given about the India. Perception Perception is the important concept that used to understand the consumer buying behaviour in relation to the decision-making process. It is defined as the procedure by which consumer receives, selects, organizes and interprets the information into the meaningful picture. For conducting the research, the consumer gets the view from online shopping mode (Bhasin, 2016). In this mode, consumer assesses different things about the overseas holiday like check price of holiday package and reading views of another consumer. From this research, the consumer obtains the quality information about the country and gets the competitive price list for an overseas holiday. Evaluation of alternatives The next step is the analysis and evaluation of different options present in the market. Evaluation may result from market attitude, product research and personal experiences. In the evaluation stage customer or buyer purchase the product or service after providing rank to brands. Mostly, the consumer decision making process involves purchasing of well known brand in the market but this decision process is influenced by two factors mainly. The first factor which influences the decision of purchase is the attitude of other people including family members (Demir et al., 2014). The second factor is various situational factors arise at the time of purchase decision like sudden increase in price of air ticket. The evaluation stage in travel overseas decision making process involves activities carried out prior to incorporation, need recognition stage and information search stage. Travelling to the destination includes range of experiences and the level of services depending on the transport mode (Schiffman et al., 2013). Travel decision making also involves evaluation of the mode of transport whether luxury train travel in India or travel through cab. There are various variables which are considered by buyer at the time of evaluation in decision making process and they are demographic, psychographic and behavioural factors. So, those destinations with appropriate product, reasonable price with the proper communication of above mentioned attributes will be chosen by buyer. Affective factors are the customer feeling towards the brand because of their awareness. Affective factors can be culture diversification, beautiful monuments and luxurious hotels. Positive affective association about destination induces the buyer to visit and negative affective association factors make the buyer to not visit to that place. In evaluation stage buyer evaluates his preference on the basis of destination awareness and affective associations, in which the buyer provides rankings to alternative destinations on the basis of most liked to least liked (Foxall, 2014). Destination choice is influenced by situational variables and intention to visit. Consideration set, Inert set, unavailable or aware set and inept set influences the decision making process at the time of evaluation of alternatives. The consideration set is the subset of brand which consumer is aware of and customer thinks that purchasing of that particular brand will satisfy his needs. The inert set are set of those travel places which are known to buyer but having an attitude of neither negative or positive towards them. The reason behind having neither positive nor negative attitude is unavailability of proper information for effective evaluation. The unavailable/ aware set are those tourist places about which buyer have full knowledge and awareness but is not able to purchase because of constraints like financial, demographic or legal(Chon et al., 2012). The inept set is the set where the buyer knows all about tourist places and have perfect knowledge but possess a negative feedback because of past experience or availability of negative information. Marketing mix variables also affect the consumer buying decision making process. Marketing mix model includes variables like process, people and physical evidence. A businessman travelling plans have different expectations from a backpacker studying in college. The production outcome is central to customers evaluation rather than the process (Garcia et al., 2015). The customer evaluation of travelling overseas includes telephone contact at the time of reservation, manner in which hotel greets them at the time of check in, and flight servicing. The marketing variables and traveller variables is going to analyse the consumer consideration set. Marketing variables include product, people, process and physical evidence. Travellers variable includes all the characteristics of individual travellers which induce their purchase behaviour of travelling overseas. Travellers variables include demographic, psychographic and behavioural characteristics (Chand, 2015). Different destinations will be attractive to different travellers on the basis of marketing variables and other factors. Personal factor also plays a very important role in evaluation of alternatives at the time of decision making process. Family life cycle states that a young unmarried person can spend more on travelling in comparison to married person because of less financial burden. Economic situation of an individual plays a very important role. Making trip overseas for an individual is only possible if he has sufficient funds. Persons self image also plays an important role in evaluation (Bhasin, 2016). An extrovert person chooses the travel destination which involves interaction and introvert person chooses destination which gives peace to his mind. I choose to plan a trip in India from other alternatives available. Other alternatives were travelling in China or travelling to Egypt. Budget of $5,000 will also suitable for travelling to India. Mainly there are two attributes which induced me to plan a trip in India. Firstly, my family members and friends as they already went India in past and gave me a positive feedback. Secondly, situational factor induces me because the trip to India is available at low cost with all the amenities at make my trip. Beliefs and attitudes of my family towards India also play an important role in decision making process. I am an intellectual kind of person and want to explore new things. This was the personal characteristic which influences my decision to plan trip to India because of presence of various culture over there. Choice/Purchase This is the fourth stage where consumer takes purchase decision. The final decision made by the consumer is based on the two factors such as unfavourable feedbacks from other users and the level of motivation to accept the opinion. For example, after the three stages, the consumer chooses to buy overseas holiday. Because his friends give him positive feedback hence, they buy the overseas holiday. In this stage, consumer evaluates various overseas holiday package and purchase the overseas holiday that offers maximum benefits or satisfaction (Flekel, 2015). Further, a consumer selects most attractive overseas holiday that offers more benefits like the price of selected overseas holiday are minimum than the other overseas holiday. Moreover, consumer compares on the basis of superiority or inferiority of the overseas holiday. There are three factors that transform buying intention to an actual purchase decision. These are attitude, unanticipated situational factors and perception. The first factor is the attitude of other that has an impact on the purchase decision of buyer. This factor depends on the degree of the favourable attitude towards the preference of overseas holiday and degree of compliance of other consumer choices. Moreover, purchase decision may modify due to unanticipated situational factors like price increases, job failure, family income, medical expenses, and non-availability of the desired overseas holiday package. Consumers perceived risk depends on the price, quality ambiguity, penetration of finest product, and his confidence (The consumer factor, 2016). Along with this, there are different decisions made by the consumer to purchase the overseas holiday like the brand decision, retailer decision, quantity decision, timing decision, and payment decision. I have purchased overseas holiday package for India through the make my trip that is online mode. I have selected this channel because this provides high quality services in my budget that was $5,000. Further, this channel provides several services to me like cab facility, hotel, and food facility and other accommodation facility with the safety. Integration In this stage, consumer buying behaviour is based on the integration process. Through this process, consumer evaluates the different attitude, perception, quality, features and competing offer (Seabra, et al., 2013). In this stage, the consumer has mixture of competing offer in his mind to take the final decision. Post purchase evaluation/behaviour After the purchase of goods and services, the process has not completed. Because, it can reduces the revenue and the customer loyalty. After a purchase, it is expected that whether the consumer is satisfied with his decision or not. Moreover, if a purchaser thinks that they take the incorrect decision then they will return the goods and services. This can be declined to recognize the sources of conflict, and to offer the exchange that is simple and uncomplicated (Chand, 2015). Furthermore, if the customer is satisfied with his purchase decision, then they will think about the future purchase. Because sending follow-up review and emails show gratitude towards the consumer to make the purchase. After the purchase of holiday package for India, I give positive feedback to make my trip company. Because this was provided high quality services in my $5,000 budget that satisfied to me. Hence, I think that decision for purchasing the package from this site was appropriate. Learning In this stage, consumer buying behaviour depends on the learning concept. Learning comes to the mind of the consumer after the evaluation stage. Through the knowledge about new information and experiences, consumer changes their buying decision (Gunter and Furnham, 2014). References BBC (2016) A theory for motivation. [Online]. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23902918 (Accessed: 20 August 2016). Bhasin, H. (2016) Steps in Consumer Decision Making. [Online]. Available at: https://www.marketing91.com/steps-in-consumer-decision-making/ (Accessed: 20 August 2016). Chand, S. (2015) Top 6 Model of Consumer Buying Decision Process. [Online]. Available at: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/marketing/market-segmentation/top-6-model-of-consumer-buying-decision-process/32300/ (Accessed: 20 August 2016). Chaudhary, M. and Gupta, A. (2012) Children's influence in family buying process in India.Young Consumers,13(2), pp.161-175. Chon, K. S., Pizam, A. and Mansfeld, Y. (2012) Consumer Behavior in Travel and Tourism. UK: Routledge. Darley, W.K., Blankson, C. and Luethge, D.J. (2010) Toward an integrated framework for online consumer behavior and decision making process: A review.Psychology marketing,27(2), pp.94-116. Demir, S. S., Kozak, M., and Correia, A. (2014) Modelling Consumer Behavior: An Essay with Domestic Tourists in Turkey,Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,31(3), pp. 303-312. East, R., Wright, M., Vanhuele, M. (2013)Consumer behaviour: applications in marketing. USA: Sage Publications. Flekel, A. (2015) 5 Steps of Decision Making Process. [Online]. Available at: https://www.aabacosmallbusiness.com/advisor/5-steps-decision-making-process-194509349.html (Accessed: 20 August 2016). Foxall, G. R. (2014)Consumer Behaviour (RLE Consumer Behaviour): A Practical Guide. UK: Routledge. Garcia, J., Juaneda, C., Raya, J. M., and Sastre, F. (2015) A study of traveler decision-making determinants: prioritizing destination or travel mode,Tourism Economics,21(6), pp. 1149-1167. Gardiner, S., King, C., and Grace, D. (2013) Travel decision making an empirical examination of generational values, attitudes, and intentions, Journal of Travel Research,52(3), pp. 310-324. Gssling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C. M., Ceron, J. P. and Dubois, G. (2012) Consumer behaviour and demand response of tourists to climate change, Annals of Tourism Research,39(1), pp. 36-58. Gunter, B., and Furnham, A. (2014)Consumer Profiles (RLE Consumer Behaviour): An Introduction to Psychographics(Vol. 5). UK: Routledge. Horner, S., and Swarbrooke, J. (2016)Consumer behaviour in tourism. UK: Routledge. Li, M., Cai, L.A., Lehto, X.Y. and Huang, J. (2010) A missing link in understanding revisit intentionThe role of motivation and image.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,27(4), pp.335-348. Purnawirawan, N., De Pelsmacker, P. and Dens, N. (2012) Balance and sequence in online reviews: How perceived usefulness affects attitudes and intentions.Journal of interactive marketing,26(4), pp.244-255. Reisinger, Y. and Dimanche, F. (2010)International tourism. UK: Routledge. Robinson, P., Heitmann, S., and Dieke, P. U. (2011)Research themes for tourism. UK: CABI. Schiffman, L., O'Cass, A., Paladino, A., and Carlson, J. (2013)Consumer behaviour. Australia: Pearson Higher Education. Seabra, C., Dolnicar, S., Abrantes, J. L., and Kastenholz, E. (2013) Heterogeneity in risk and safety perceptions of international tourists,Tourism Management,36, pp. 502-510. Smallman, C. and Moore, K. (2010) Process studies of tourists decision-making.Annals of Tourism Research,37(2), pp.397-422. Solomon, M., Russell-Bennett, R., and Previte, J. (2012)Consumer behavior. Australia: Pearson Higher Education. The consumer factor. (2016) The 5 stages of Consumer Buying Decision Process. [Online]. Available at: https://theconsumerfactor.com/en/5-stages-consumer-buying-decision-process/ (Accessed: 20 August 2016). Thgersen, J., Jrgensen, A.K. and Sandager, S. (2012) Consumer decision making regarding a green everyday product.Psychology Marketing, 29(4), pp.187-197.

Ranking in Round-robin tournament free essay sample

Having examined the method and theory of scheduling single round-robin tournament, the example of ranking systems of it will be covered in the following sections. Most common way to rank players or teams in round-robin tournament Round-robin tournament is widely applied in competitions which are able to be held for a long period and need a comprehensive ranking of the players or teams. In order to acquire the ordering of teams and player, the most convenient and common way is to rank the participants according to their total victories. Nevertheless, tie may appear in an individual competition of the whole tournament. Considering three possible outcomes of a match, different scores are rewarded for having a winning, tie and losing game. The method used in the well-known English professional football league, Premier League, can be taken as an example here. Premier League is constructed by the competitions between the 20 top football clubs in England, in which double round-robin tournament is used, implying each team competes with all other teams twice. We will write a custom essay sample on Ranking in Round-robin tournament or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Three, one and zero point will be rewarded for a win, tie and lose in each competition. In the end of the league, a ranking list will be mainly arranged by the total scores of each team. Problems arisen by ranking with total scores Yet, this method may not be a perfect one when taking account of the outcome and fairness. Firstly, the total scores of the top two teams may be the same, showing that comparing only score is possibly inadequate to decide the champion. Secondly, the ranked ordering does not accurately reflect each team’s ability as a victory against a stronger team is more worthy than a win against a weaker team. (M. Stob,1985) Solution to the problem of tie in ranking To tackle the first problem, other criteria can be added into the arrangement of ranking by considering the nature of that sport itself. Referring to figure 1, the top two clubs have the same points but different ranking in the Premier League 2007/2008, because if there are same points between teams, the goal difference (Number of goal scored – Number of goal conceded) will be the second comparing factor, and the total goal scored will be the  third factor. Lastly, if there is really such a coincidence that two important teams are still with same point, an extra match between them will be launched to solve the ranking problem. (Deloitte LLP, 2012) Likewise, other types of competition can consider extra factors other than just counting total points to avoid same ranking of teams. Solution to the problem of fairness For the second problem, it is much more complicated to deal with it. Goddard (1983), who had a deep study in ranking players in round-robin tournament, has proposed the concept of upsets to reflect the fairness of a ranking system. Upset in an ordering refers to a team with lower ranking defeats another team with higher ranking according to that ordering. (M. Stob,1985) From the table, every row refers to the competition performance of each team. A team gets 1 point if it wins and 0 point if it loses. There are a total of two upsets in this ranking system, in which team 7 (weaker team) defeats team 1 (stronger team) and team 6 (weaker team) defeats team 2 (stronger team) are exactly the two upsets. Having figured out the measure of fairness, Goddard suggested a new ranking approach called p-connectivity matrix which takes the different importance of victory into account. It actually works like how Google calculating the importance of web pages. (Springer US. 2005) Firstly, it takes the ranking of comparing total points as the basic ranking. Then, every victory in the tournament should be weighted in accordance with the primary ranking of the losing team, in other words, winnings against teams with higher primary ranking have a higher weight. The second ranking can thus be constructed with weighted winning. Similarly, the third ranking is built by using weighed victory which is adjusted according the second ranking. This process then repeats many times, in which generates many different ranking and the one with minimum upsets should be chosen as the final ranking. (M. Stob, 1985) Nevertheless, neither the calculation process nor result of this ranking method is convinced to the teams and players. Even though the importance of different winning games is considered, players and teams may not be convinced to the fact that they get more victories but lower ranking than another team with less wins. Therefore, most of the round-robin tournament still adopt ranking without weighted victory. All in all, it is not easy to find the fairest ranking system. Even until now, there is not a so-called fairest ordering method.